1 December 29, 2020
1. Aleksandr A. Cherkasov
On the Results of the First International Competition for the Best Research Work among Scientific and Pedagogical Staff “Slavery in the Past and Present”
Slavery: Theory and Practice, 2020, 5(1): 3.
Number of views: 265 Download in PDF
Slavery: Theory and Practice, 2020, 5(1): 3.
Abstract:
The report describes the establishment of the First International competition for the best research work among scientific and pedagogical staff “Slavery in the past and present”. The organizers were East European Historical Society, International Network Center for Fundamental and Applied Research (Washington, USA), and also KAD International (Effiduase-Koforidua, Eastern Region, Ghana). On December 20, 2020, the competition committee summed up the results of the competition and called the best 5 competitive works from the following countries: USA, Russia, Slovakia, Ghana.
The report describes the establishment of the First International competition for the best research work among scientific and pedagogical staff “Slavery in the past and present”. The organizers were East European Historical Society, International Network Center for Fundamental and Applied Research (Washington, USA), and also KAD International (Effiduase-Koforidua, Eastern Region, Ghana). On December 20, 2020, the competition committee summed up the results of the competition and called the best 5 competitive works from the following countries: USA, Russia, Slovakia, Ghana.
Number of views: 265 Download in PDF
Articles
2. Yuri Yu. Klychnikov
North Caucasian "Hotbed" of the Slave Trade (Trade of Captives): to the Problem Statement
Slavery: Theory and Practice, 2020, 5(1): 4-18.
Number of views: 248 Download in PDF
3. Michal ŠmigeľSlavery: Theory and Practice, 2020, 5(1): 4-18.
Abstract:
The article reveals the specifics of the slave trade in the conditions of the North Caucasus. The circumstances of the origin of this phenomenon, the factors that influenced its features and scale are shown. It is concluded that the need for slave labor among local societies was small, and they preferred to sell slaves outside the region. This was one of the compensating factors with the help of which the lack of their own means of subsistence was partially satisfied. t is suggested that there is a "Malthusian trap" influencing the specifics of the economic, political, social and cultural situation in the region. This practice existed throughout the periods of Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The presence of strong demand stimulated the capture of slaves, who were later sent to the Asian and Western European markets. The Caucasus became part of the "slave transit", and large regional centers for the sale of people arose here. Raids aimed at seizing "human goods" became part of the institution of socialization of youth. They played an important role in the process of allocating the nobility from local communities. With the advent of the Russian authorities in the Caucasus, they begin to actively fight the slave trade. For this, both completely peaceful methods (for example, ransom) and harsh military measures were used. The peak of confrontation falls on the first half of the 19th century, after which the scope of this fishery is significantly reduced. This was explained not only by the success of weapons, but also by positive changes in the economic structure of the autochthonous peoples. However, the weakening and disintegration of Russian statehood is leading to a revival of the slave trade. This return to archaism took place at the beginning of the 20th century, when the country experienced a series of revolutions and the Civil War. At the end of the last century, the collapse of the USSR was accompanied by a paralysis of power, an increase in xenophobia, and economic collapse. The influence of unfavorable foreign policy factors also affected. All this again actualized the problem of slavery, the relapses of which could not be eradicated even today.
The article reveals the specifics of the slave trade in the conditions of the North Caucasus. The circumstances of the origin of this phenomenon, the factors that influenced its features and scale are shown. It is concluded that the need for slave labor among local societies was small, and they preferred to sell slaves outside the region. This was one of the compensating factors with the help of which the lack of their own means of subsistence was partially satisfied. t is suggested that there is a "Malthusian trap" influencing the specifics of the economic, political, social and cultural situation in the region. This practice existed throughout the periods of Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The presence of strong demand stimulated the capture of slaves, who were later sent to the Asian and Western European markets. The Caucasus became part of the "slave transit", and large regional centers for the sale of people arose here. Raids aimed at seizing "human goods" became part of the institution of socialization of youth. They played an important role in the process of allocating the nobility from local communities. With the advent of the Russian authorities in the Caucasus, they begin to actively fight the slave trade. For this, both completely peaceful methods (for example, ransom) and harsh military measures were used. The peak of confrontation falls on the first half of the 19th century, after which the scope of this fishery is significantly reduced. This was explained not only by the success of weapons, but also by positive changes in the economic structure of the autochthonous peoples. However, the weakening and disintegration of Russian statehood is leading to a revival of the slave trade. This return to archaism took place at the beginning of the 20th century, when the country experienced a series of revolutions and the Civil War. At the end of the last century, the collapse of the USSR was accompanied by a paralysis of power, an increase in xenophobia, and economic collapse. The influence of unfavorable foreign policy factors also affected. All this again actualized the problem of slavery, the relapses of which could not be eradicated even today.
Number of views: 248 Download in PDF
Metamorphoses of the Circassian Slave Trade (13th–19th centuries): Aspects of Women as the "Live Goods"
Slavery: Theory and Practice, 2020, 5(1): 19-36.
Number of views: 261 Download in PDF
4. Sergey L. Dudarev, Sergey N. KtitorovSlavery: Theory and Practice, 2020, 5(1): 19-36.
Abstract:
In the study we attempt to examine the changing manifestations of the Circassian slave trade in the 13th–19th centuries with the focus mainly on women as the "live goods". Caucasian women, and especially the Circassian women, represented a "special export items" in the countries of the (Eastern) Mediterranean. Their beauty has been recognized and valued for centuries by almost all travellers and discoverers of the Caucasus, and they were in great demand in the slave markets of the Middle East. These questions are examined in the study: since and to what extent the Circassians participated in the slave trade, what led to the practice of this kind of trade, how it was perceived by the objects of the trade themselves, and what were the consequences of the female slave trade. The topicality of research theme lies in its focus on the female element of the slave trade. The heuristics of the study consist of recently published documents and scientific publications which are the outcomes of the Russian and European research. Materials of personal character were also an important source of information (diaries, travelogues and publications of travellers, emissaries and researchers of the Caucasus from the 16th–19th century, especially from the period of the Caucasus War /1817–1864/). The methodological basis of the research consists of the principles of objectivity and historicism, a critical approach to the historical sources, analysis of the summary of facts and also monitoring of the studied phenomena in the context of their development and historical situation. An interdisciplinary approach was also used in studying the issue. The author concludes that since the 13th century the Circassians have adopted the mechanisms of the Black Sea slave trade and later they have penetrated the markets of the Black Sea-Mediterranean slave trade. The slave trade (and especially female slave trade) gained the largest scale in the North Caucasus in the 18th century. It was caused by the increased demand for "live goods" in the Eastern markets, especially in the Ottoman Empire. Circassian women were highly valued. Paradoxically, many Caucasian women humbly accepted the possibility of being sold into slavery. Under the Ottomans, concubinage became such a widespread phenomenon that it was even considered a kind of "sociocultural lift", a way out of poverty, a way of getting out of poor living conditions in the homeland. The slave trade in the Caucasus had negative consequences for highland societies and caused great demographic, economic, cultural and moral damage.
In the study we attempt to examine the changing manifestations of the Circassian slave trade in the 13th–19th centuries with the focus mainly on women as the "live goods". Caucasian women, and especially the Circassian women, represented a "special export items" in the countries of the (Eastern) Mediterranean. Their beauty has been recognized and valued for centuries by almost all travellers and discoverers of the Caucasus, and they were in great demand in the slave markets of the Middle East. These questions are examined in the study: since and to what extent the Circassians participated in the slave trade, what led to the practice of this kind of trade, how it was perceived by the objects of the trade themselves, and what were the consequences of the female slave trade. The topicality of research theme lies in its focus on the female element of the slave trade. The heuristics of the study consist of recently published documents and scientific publications which are the outcomes of the Russian and European research. Materials of personal character were also an important source of information (diaries, travelogues and publications of travellers, emissaries and researchers of the Caucasus from the 16th–19th century, especially from the period of the Caucasus War /1817–1864/). The methodological basis of the research consists of the principles of objectivity and historicism, a critical approach to the historical sources, analysis of the summary of facts and also monitoring of the studied phenomena in the context of their development and historical situation. An interdisciplinary approach was also used in studying the issue. The author concludes that since the 13th century the Circassians have adopted the mechanisms of the Black Sea slave trade and later they have penetrated the markets of the Black Sea-Mediterranean slave trade. The slave trade (and especially female slave trade) gained the largest scale in the North Caucasus in the 18th century. It was caused by the increased demand for "live goods" in the Eastern markets, especially in the Ottoman Empire. Circassian women were highly valued. Paradoxically, many Caucasian women humbly accepted the possibility of being sold into slavery. Under the Ottomans, concubinage became such a widespread phenomenon that it was even considered a kind of "sociocultural lift", a way out of poverty, a way of getting out of poor living conditions in the homeland. The slave trade in the Caucasus had negative consequences for highland societies and caused great demographic, economic, cultural and moral damage.
Number of views: 261 Download in PDF
Оn the Position of Aul Аrmavir Residents Personal Dependent People at in the Period before Elimination of the Serfdom Law in Russia
Slavery: Theory and Practice, 2020, 5(1): 37-49.
Number of views: 258 Download in PDF
5. Artyom Yu. PeretyatkoSlavery: Theory and Practice, 2020, 5(1): 37-49.
Abstract:
The article discusses the situation of various categories of dependent population of the village of Armavir 40-60-ies. XIX century. As well as changes in their situation that occurred after the peasant reform of 1861 in Russia. The free inhabitants of the aul – the Circassian Armenians, or Circassogai, owned both serfs – the Pshitli and house slaves – the unouts, who made up the main wealth of the owners and could cost hundreds of rubles in silver. Serfs in general had a status equivalent to yasirs, and had certain rights. The owners provided them with housing and livestock. During field work, they guarded their dependent people from the attacks of the mountaineers. From among the free inhabitants of the aul, serfs chose special "patrons" through whom local elders could complain about the arbitrariness and unfair treatment of their owners. An unmarried serf owner should have bought a bride. The sale of peasants was carried out only with their own consent, and it was not allowed to separate the members of one family. Unouts were more powerless. In the position of the Armavir serfs there were many patriarchal traits testifying to the remnants of tribal life. According to Russian officials, the situation of the Armavir serfs was similar to the status of younger members of the family than slaves. All Armavir serfs were Muslim mountaineers. They had their own mosque in the aul and a mullah serving here, who was paid tithing. The process of their liberation actually began in Armavir from the mid-1860s. This was done by a special commission. Serfs were released into the wild for a solid ransom. The hosts refused to let loose the slave-unouts, which caused unrest and arrests of activists. Armavir unouts received freedom only in 1868 after the final abolition of serfdom among the highlanders of the Kuban region. The real process of abolishing serfdom in the North Caucasus, including in Armavir, lasted for many years, which was associated with the difficult conditions for the liberation of the peasants. Those who were not able to pay the due ransom on time worked sometimes for their owner for many years. The abolition of serfdom in general was progressive. This reform opened the way for the penetration of capitalist relations into the economy of the region.
The article discusses the situation of various categories of dependent population of the village of Armavir 40-60-ies. XIX century. As well as changes in their situation that occurred after the peasant reform of 1861 in Russia. The free inhabitants of the aul – the Circassian Armenians, or Circassogai, owned both serfs – the Pshitli and house slaves – the unouts, who made up the main wealth of the owners and could cost hundreds of rubles in silver. Serfs in general had a status equivalent to yasirs, and had certain rights. The owners provided them with housing and livestock. During field work, they guarded their dependent people from the attacks of the mountaineers. From among the free inhabitants of the aul, serfs chose special "patrons" through whom local elders could complain about the arbitrariness and unfair treatment of their owners. An unmarried serf owner should have bought a bride. The sale of peasants was carried out only with their own consent, and it was not allowed to separate the members of one family. Unouts were more powerless. In the position of the Armavir serfs there were many patriarchal traits testifying to the remnants of tribal life. According to Russian officials, the situation of the Armavir serfs was similar to the status of younger members of the family than slaves. All Armavir serfs were Muslim mountaineers. They had their own mosque in the aul and a mullah serving here, who was paid tithing. The process of their liberation actually began in Armavir from the mid-1860s. This was done by a special commission. Serfs were released into the wild for a solid ransom. The hosts refused to let loose the slave-unouts, which caused unrest and arrests of activists. Armavir unouts received freedom only in 1868 after the final abolition of serfdom among the highlanders of the Kuban region. The real process of abolishing serfdom in the North Caucasus, including in Armavir, lasted for many years, which was associated with the difficult conditions for the liberation of the peasants. Those who were not able to pay the due ransom on time worked sometimes for their owner for many years. The abolition of serfdom in general was progressive. This reform opened the way for the penetration of capitalist relations into the economy of the region.
Number of views: 258 Download in PDF
Perception of "White Slavery" by Don Pre-Revolutionary Authors: Mechanisms of Criticism and Self-Justification
Slavery: Theory and Practice, 2020, 5(1): 50-62.
Number of views: 235 Download in PDF
6. Jacob Owusu SarfoSlavery: Theory and Practice, 2020, 5(1): 50-62.
Abstract:
The paper is dedicated to the problem of perception, by the Don Cossacks of 19th-beginning of 20th century, of serfdom on the territory of the Don Host. By this time traditional images of Cossack as a defender of Russian land (i.e., the denizens of this land) and/or natural advocate of democracy had already formed. Understandably, the fact of spreading of, at first, slavery, and later serfdom among Cossacks did not correspond in any way with such images, and this contradiction even moved one of the first professional Don historians, P.P. Sakharov, to write a special research dedicated to «white slavery» (his original term) on Don. However, analyzing the works of other Don authors on serfdom in the Don Host, we came to conclusion, that for Cossacks was common not the admittance of responsibility for subjugating part of Russian peasants, but, on the contrary, an idealization of the corresponding chapters of Cossack past. The majority of authors either at all did not evaluate the existence of serfdom on Don, or emphasized its relative easiness. Eventually this tendency built up, culminating in manifestation of a concept, according to which peasants consciously fled for Don to become dependents of Don officials, who established them good conditions. And even if separate instances of master’s cruelty were admitted, they were attributed to a narrow circle of Don’s high nobility, detached from the Cossack bulk. Thereby the example of Don authors’ perception of «white slavery» serves an apt illustration of how masters of dependent populace and their descendants vindicate themselves. Within the logical boundaries of most works we considered, former serfs in general mass did not suffer from their standing. And if individual authors stated the falsity of such perception, their works shortly after appearing were subjected to criticism.
The paper is dedicated to the problem of perception, by the Don Cossacks of 19th-beginning of 20th century, of serfdom on the territory of the Don Host. By this time traditional images of Cossack as a defender of Russian land (i.e., the denizens of this land) and/or natural advocate of democracy had already formed. Understandably, the fact of spreading of, at first, slavery, and later serfdom among Cossacks did not correspond in any way with such images, and this contradiction even moved one of the first professional Don historians, P.P. Sakharov, to write a special research dedicated to «white slavery» (his original term) on Don. However, analyzing the works of other Don authors on serfdom in the Don Host, we came to conclusion, that for Cossacks was common not the admittance of responsibility for subjugating part of Russian peasants, but, on the contrary, an idealization of the corresponding chapters of Cossack past. The majority of authors either at all did not evaluate the existence of serfdom on Don, or emphasized its relative easiness. Eventually this tendency built up, culminating in manifestation of a concept, according to which peasants consciously fled for Don to become dependents of Don officials, who established them good conditions. And even if separate instances of master’s cruelty were admitted, they were attributed to a narrow circle of Don’s high nobility, detached from the Cossack bulk. Thereby the example of Don authors’ perception of «white slavery» serves an apt illustration of how masters of dependent populace and their descendants vindicate themselves. Within the logical boundaries of most works we considered, former serfs in general mass did not suffer from their standing. And if individual authors stated the falsity of such perception, their works shortly after appearing were subjected to criticism.
Number of views: 235 Download in PDF
Eastern European Slavery: An analysis of the Health and Productivity of Serf-Based Economy between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries
Slavery: Theory and Practice, 2020, 5(1): 63-73.
Number of views: 273 Download in PDF
7. Konstantin V. TaranSlavery: Theory and Practice, 2020, 5(1): 63-73.
Abstract:
The Eastern European system of the slave trade during the medieval and pre-modern periods had complex remote routes where slaves were captured through raids from various areas including Asia and other parts of Europe. Special economic interest for a specific race for specific purposes and prices were on the rise. The system of players in the slave trade in Eastern Europe comprised of the people, usually men who captured or kidnapped slaves, slave traders who served as middlemen, and clienteles who slaved were auctioned too. These clienteles were often the upper-class of society who used slaves for personal, socioeconomic, and military reasons. Though the slave trade as a concept existed in Eastern Europe as a multifaceted phenomenon, there is a paucity of published English scientific works on the history of slavery between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. The purpose of the study was to review the health, productivity, rights, and wages of slaves who were turned into serfs in Russia until 1723 under Peter the Great. Though popularly argued that Russian serfdom was introduced in this era, it has been noted by some scholars that it was never plainly institutionalised among households who owned slaves. I noted from the review of scholarly materials that though serfdom had serious economic implications, it was a mere change of name for household slaves in Russia. Slavery continued as owners regarded the law banning slavery and the sale of serf without land as an ordinary convention. This paper has implications for research on slavery.
The Eastern European system of the slave trade during the medieval and pre-modern periods had complex remote routes where slaves were captured through raids from various areas including Asia and other parts of Europe. Special economic interest for a specific race for specific purposes and prices were on the rise. The system of players in the slave trade in Eastern Europe comprised of the people, usually men who captured or kidnapped slaves, slave traders who served as middlemen, and clienteles who slaved were auctioned too. These clienteles were often the upper-class of society who used slaves for personal, socioeconomic, and military reasons. Though the slave trade as a concept existed in Eastern Europe as a multifaceted phenomenon, there is a paucity of published English scientific works on the history of slavery between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. The purpose of the study was to review the health, productivity, rights, and wages of slaves who were turned into serfs in Russia until 1723 under Peter the Great. Though popularly argued that Russian serfdom was introduced in this era, it has been noted by some scholars that it was never plainly institutionalised among households who owned slaves. I noted from the review of scholarly materials that though serfdom had serious economic implications, it was a mere change of name for household slaves in Russia. Slavery continued as owners regarded the law banning slavery and the sale of serf without land as an ordinary convention. This paper has implications for research on slavery.
Number of views: 273 Download in PDF
The Fight against the Slave Trade in the North-Western Caucasus in the first half of the XIX century
Slavery: Theory and Practice, 2020, 5(1): 74-86.
Number of views: 268 Download in PDF
8. Josephine CudjoeSlavery: Theory and Practice, 2020, 5(1): 74-86.
Abstract:
The article deals with the complex process of dialogue between the Russian Empire and the peoples of the Caucasus in the fight against the slave trade in the first half of the XIX century. There were used as materials the documents of the state archive of the Krasnodar Krai (Krasnodar, Russian Federation), as well as several volumes of the published collection of documents “Acts of the Caucasian Archeographic Commission”, the collection of documents of the Raevsky archive, the latest collection of documents “Circassian slave narratives” and others. Various materials of personal origin are of great importance in the research: diaries and memoirs of travelers, scouts and emissaries. The specialized military literature was also used. The work was widely used the descriptive and chronological methods, which allowed to detail the picture of the Russian administration's opposition to the slave trade of the Caucasian tribes and to consider the events in chronological order. In conclusion, we would like to note that during the entire Caucasian war, the Russian Empire tried to prevent the slave trade on the territory of the North-Western Caucasus. Already in the early XIX century, the cruising by Russian military vessels of the Black sea coast was organized. The effectiveness of Russian warships in the fight against smuggling and the slave trade was low, due to the insignificance of the Black sea squadron. In the second half of the 1830s, the Russian government began to create fortifications of the Black sea coastline, whose activities were aimed at suppressing the slave trade. However, even this measure, despite a number of positive aspects (the flight of slaves to the Russian fortresses and a significant peaceful dialogue between the Russians and the highlanders), could not end the slave trade. As a result, the raids of the mountaineers with the aim of capturing “live goods” continued in the North-Western Caucasus until 1864, up to muhajirism.
The article deals with the complex process of dialogue between the Russian Empire and the peoples of the Caucasus in the fight against the slave trade in the first half of the XIX century. There were used as materials the documents of the state archive of the Krasnodar Krai (Krasnodar, Russian Federation), as well as several volumes of the published collection of documents “Acts of the Caucasian Archeographic Commission”, the collection of documents of the Raevsky archive, the latest collection of documents “Circassian slave narratives” and others. Various materials of personal origin are of great importance in the research: diaries and memoirs of travelers, scouts and emissaries. The specialized military literature was also used. The work was widely used the descriptive and chronological methods, which allowed to detail the picture of the Russian administration's opposition to the slave trade of the Caucasian tribes and to consider the events in chronological order. In conclusion, we would like to note that during the entire Caucasian war, the Russian Empire tried to prevent the slave trade on the territory of the North-Western Caucasus. Already in the early XIX century, the cruising by Russian military vessels of the Black sea coast was organized. The effectiveness of Russian warships in the fight against smuggling and the slave trade was low, due to the insignificance of the Black sea squadron. In the second half of the 1830s, the Russian government began to create fortifications of the Black sea coastline, whose activities were aimed at suppressing the slave trade. However, even this measure, despite a number of positive aspects (the flight of slaves to the Russian fortresses and a significant peaceful dialogue between the Russians and the highlanders), could not end the slave trade. As a result, the raids of the mountaineers with the aim of capturing “live goods” continued in the North-Western Caucasus until 1864, up to muhajirism.
Number of views: 268 Download in PDF
Serfdom in Eastern Europe between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Centuries: The Role of the Psychology of Slavery
Slavery: Theory and Practice, 2020, 5(1): 87-95.
Number of views: 261 Download in PDF
9. Yulia M. LysenkoSlavery: Theory and Practice, 2020, 5(1): 87-95.
Abstract:
The psychology of slavery that existed in the regions of Eastern Europe has been described by historians to have a significant trend and impact on the nature of slavery, slaves, masters, and the general local population. Though there was a purported system of labour system called serfdom within Eastern Europe, the core psychological system that maintained its operation was purely slavery and an inhumane form of forced labour according to many historical scientists. The purpose of this paper is to critically review, develop, and describe the latent psychological system that drove serfdom until its fall in Russia. The study adopted multifaceted approaches to review existing empirical studies and internet sources. Notable among the findings is that the psychology of slavery drove the core system of serfdom in the Russian State. Furthermore, serfdom literally made peasants objects of slavery where they lost their freedom and rights to the rich landowners until 1723 under Peter the Great. Additionally, the laws regarding serfdom were not regarded in practise, though they existed on paper. Thus, the regulation of serfdom, especially the modalities surrounding the sale or transfer of serfs were left in the hands of the nobles and the state. Notwithstanding these illegalities, a wrong perceptual image was painted to the peasants to believe that serfdom was not equivalent to slavery. It can be concluded that serfdom had a dichotomous psychological frame to maintain it; the psychology of state and nobility and that of the peasants. The findings of this paper are useful for both research and historical pedagogy in Eastern Europe and beyond.
The psychology of slavery that existed in the regions of Eastern Europe has been described by historians to have a significant trend and impact on the nature of slavery, slaves, masters, and the general local population. Though there was a purported system of labour system called serfdom within Eastern Europe, the core psychological system that maintained its operation was purely slavery and an inhumane form of forced labour according to many historical scientists. The purpose of this paper is to critically review, develop, and describe the latent psychological system that drove serfdom until its fall in Russia. The study adopted multifaceted approaches to review existing empirical studies and internet sources. Notable among the findings is that the psychology of slavery drove the core system of serfdom in the Russian State. Furthermore, serfdom literally made peasants objects of slavery where they lost their freedom and rights to the rich landowners until 1723 under Peter the Great. Additionally, the laws regarding serfdom were not regarded in practise, though they existed on paper. Thus, the regulation of serfdom, especially the modalities surrounding the sale or transfer of serfs were left in the hands of the nobles and the state. Notwithstanding these illegalities, a wrong perceptual image was painted to the peasants to believe that serfdom was not equivalent to slavery. It can be concluded that serfdom had a dichotomous psychological frame to maintain it; the psychology of state and nobility and that of the peasants. The findings of this paper are useful for both research and historical pedagogy in Eastern Europe and beyond.
Number of views: 261 Download in PDF
In Memory of Elena Ivanovna Inozemсeva. 18.08.1947 – 01.07.2020
Slavery: Theory and Practice, 2020, 5(1): 96-99.
Number of views: 242 Download in PDF
10. Slavery: Theory and Practice, 2020, 5(1): 96-99.
Abstract:
The article briefly describes the activities of the famous scientist, specialist in the medieval history of Dagestan Elena Ivanovna Inozemtseva. The author dwells in detail on her scientific and organizational activities, her contribution to the study of the institute of slavery in Dagestan, and Russian-Dagestan relations. Inozemtseva is the author of more than 100 scientific works that have been widely recognized by specialists and the scientific community and have become a significant contribution of the scientist to historical science.
The article briefly describes the activities of the famous scientist, specialist in the medieval history of Dagestan Elena Ivanovna Inozemtseva. The author dwells in detail on her scientific and organizational activities, her contribution to the study of the institute of slavery in Dagestan, and Russian-Dagestan relations. Inozemtseva is the author of more than 100 scientific works that have been widely recognized by specialists and the scientific community and have become a significant contribution of the scientist to historical science.
Number of views: 242 Download in PDF