1 December 08, 2021
1.
Articles
2. Evgeniуa V. Kravtsova
From the History of Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Belarusian Lands of the X−XIII сenturies
Slavery: Theory and Practice. 2021. 6(1): 6-13.
Number of views: 150 Download in PDF
3. Sergey L. DudarevSlavery: Theory and Practice. 2021. 6(1): 6-13.
Abstract:
The presented article aims to open a little-studied page in the history of Ancient Rus – the phenomenon of slavery and the slave trade in the Belarusian lands in the X−XIII centuries, in an inseparable context from the general Russian trends of socio-economic and political development. On the basis of the materials studied, the study provides a characteristic of the historiographic base corresponding to the stated problem. An article by I.M. Krasnoperov, found in the journal of the Ministry of Education, played a key role in the study «Slavery and the Slave Trade in Ancient Belarus», published in 1907 and is in essence the only scientific study that raised the issue of slavery on the example of a specific region within the framework of the Old Russian state. When analyzing the available information, gaps were identified, including those associated with sources that may become relevant for further comprehensive study and replenishment by historians. In addition, the author made attempts to trace the transformation of such concepts as servant, servant, slave and how they were perceived by contemporaries, as well as to give an answer to the question of why and in what situations sometimes these concepts could be equated to a common denominator. Attention is also paid to the value of owning «human goods» among representatives of the nobility (princes and their entourage). In connection with this provision of the article, an emphasis is placed on the acts of famous princes (especially those of Polotsk) aimed at turning the population into servitude (the activities of Vseslav the Charodey, Gleb Minsky). For a more complete understanding of the level of slavery and the slave trade in the Belarusian lands of the X-XIII centuries, information about the large centers of these phenomena is presented, as well as a description of the main directions of the slave trade (west, east and south) and what contributed to this. As a result, it was concluded that princely strife played a significant role in the development of slaveholding in Ancient Belarus. Taken together, these phenomena provoked a decline and caused enormous damage to both the population and the unity of the state, which is noticeable in the position of the Russian lands in the XIII-XIV centuries.
The presented article aims to open a little-studied page in the history of Ancient Rus – the phenomenon of slavery and the slave trade in the Belarusian lands in the X−XIII centuries, in an inseparable context from the general Russian trends of socio-economic and political development. On the basis of the materials studied, the study provides a characteristic of the historiographic base corresponding to the stated problem. An article by I.M. Krasnoperov, found in the journal of the Ministry of Education, played a key role in the study «Slavery and the Slave Trade in Ancient Belarus», published in 1907 and is in essence the only scientific study that raised the issue of slavery on the example of a specific region within the framework of the Old Russian state. When analyzing the available information, gaps were identified, including those associated with sources that may become relevant for further comprehensive study and replenishment by historians. In addition, the author made attempts to trace the transformation of such concepts as servant, servant, slave and how they were perceived by contemporaries, as well as to give an answer to the question of why and in what situations sometimes these concepts could be equated to a common denominator. Attention is also paid to the value of owning «human goods» among representatives of the nobility (princes and their entourage). In connection with this provision of the article, an emphasis is placed on the acts of famous princes (especially those of Polotsk) aimed at turning the population into servitude (the activities of Vseslav the Charodey, Gleb Minsky). For a more complete understanding of the level of slavery and the slave trade in the Belarusian lands of the X-XIII centuries, information about the large centers of these phenomena is presented, as well as a description of the main directions of the slave trade (west, east and south) and what contributed to this. As a result, it was concluded that princely strife played a significant role in the development of slaveholding in Ancient Belarus. Taken together, these phenomena provoked a decline and caused enormous damage to both the population and the unity of the state, which is noticeable in the position of the Russian lands in the XIII-XIV centuries.
Number of views: 150 Download in PDF
On the Place and Status of Armenian Traders in the Cherkassky Zakubanye and Their Role in Russian-Mountain Relations in the late XVIII – first half of the XIX centuries (according to Documents from the State Archives of the Krasnodar Krai)
Slavery: Theory and Practice. 2021. 6(1): 14-25.
Number of views: 132 Download in PDF
4. Ivan A. ErmachkovSlavery: Theory and Practice. 2021. 6(1): 14-25.
Abstract:
Based on materials from the State Archives of the Krasnodar Krai on the territory of Trans-Kuban region at the very end of the 18th – first half of the 19th centuries a group of Armenian merchants stands out. It is conditionally divided by us into Armenian slave owners who have used the forced labor of people for many years, Armenian slave traders, who were engaged in the exchange and sale of captives, merchants – manufacturers of retailers involved in the sale of various goods. At the same time, the degree of successful participation of these people in trade operations led to their differentiation among themselves. Among them were those who themselves became prisoners, or were forced to leave the area of their trading activities in connection with the oppression of the local feudal elite or certain ethnic groups (Armenians are refugees). The greatest deprivation was experienced by the Armenians from neighboring regions, who did not have local support (for example, in the form of Kunak ties). However, changes in the political situation made the position of Armenian merchants unstable, if not dangerous. They made the decision to accept Russian citizenship. The most indicative is the activity of a group of Trans-Kuban (and Nakhichevan) Armenians, who can be called “Armenian philanthropists”. Their activity is most typical for the 1820s-1840s. – a time of growing military tension in the North-West Caucasus, when the local population had to choose with whom they would build their future – with supporters of traditional freedom (including, raids, slave trade, blood feud, etc.) , or a peaceful life under the Russian imperial order. Armenian philanthropists, like many of their fellow tribesmen, chose the second path. They nobly sought to alleviate the suffering of their new compatriots, helping to ransom those who had the hard lot of a prisoner-slave.
Based on materials from the State Archives of the Krasnodar Krai on the territory of Trans-Kuban region at the very end of the 18th – first half of the 19th centuries a group of Armenian merchants stands out. It is conditionally divided by us into Armenian slave owners who have used the forced labor of people for many years, Armenian slave traders, who were engaged in the exchange and sale of captives, merchants – manufacturers of retailers involved in the sale of various goods. At the same time, the degree of successful participation of these people in trade operations led to their differentiation among themselves. Among them were those who themselves became prisoners, or were forced to leave the area of their trading activities in connection with the oppression of the local feudal elite or certain ethnic groups (Armenians are refugees). The greatest deprivation was experienced by the Armenians from neighboring regions, who did not have local support (for example, in the form of Kunak ties). However, changes in the political situation made the position of Armenian merchants unstable, if not dangerous. They made the decision to accept Russian citizenship. The most indicative is the activity of a group of Trans-Kuban (and Nakhichevan) Armenians, who can be called “Armenian philanthropists”. Their activity is most typical for the 1820s-1840s. – a time of growing military tension in the North-West Caucasus, when the local population had to choose with whom they would build their future – with supporters of traditional freedom (including, raids, slave trade, blood feud, etc.) , or a peaceful life under the Russian imperial order. Armenian philanthropists, like many of their fellow tribesmen, chose the second path. They nobly sought to alleviate the suffering of their new compatriots, helping to ransom those who had the hard lot of a prisoner-slave.
Number of views: 132 Download in PDF
Russian Official Correspondence on the Return of Russian Prisoners from the Khiva Khanate in 1839
Slavery: Theory and Practice. 2021. 6(1): 26-34.
Number of views: 115 Download in PDF
5. Anatoliy V. GoncharenkoSlavery: Theory and Practice. 2021. 6(1): 26-34.
Abstract:
The article considers the Russian official correspondence on the return of Russian prisoners from the Khiva Khanate in 1839. As sources, the author used archival documents of the State Archives of the Orenburg Region (Orenburg, Russian Federation), namely case No. 4993 "The case of 80 Russian prisoners taken out of Khiva in 1839". This case contains correspondence about the return of Russian prisoners from the Khiva Khanate. The documents are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The work is structured using the basic principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity. The chronological method is of great importance in it, which made it possible to present the official Russian correspondence in chronological order. This, in turn, made it possible to draw attention to neighboring events, for example, to similar measures to detain the Khiva caravan in 1837. In conclusion, the author states that the undertaken measure of detention of the Khiva caravans by the Orenburg governor V.A. Perovsky for the second time bore fruit, and this time, it was returned to its homeland in 1837 and in 1839 a total of 105 Russian prisoners. The correspondence on this issue was conducted at all levels, from the commandant of the fortress to informing the Russian emperor, partly the reason for this was the letter of the Khiva khan, but a more weighty reason, in our opinion, was concern for the fate of Russian subjects.
The article considers the Russian official correspondence on the return of Russian prisoners from the Khiva Khanate in 1839. As sources, the author used archival documents of the State Archives of the Orenburg Region (Orenburg, Russian Federation), namely case No. 4993 "The case of 80 Russian prisoners taken out of Khiva in 1839". This case contains correspondence about the return of Russian prisoners from the Khiva Khanate. The documents are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The work is structured using the basic principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity. The chronological method is of great importance in it, which made it possible to present the official Russian correspondence in chronological order. This, in turn, made it possible to draw attention to neighboring events, for example, to similar measures to detain the Khiva caravan in 1837. In conclusion, the author states that the undertaken measure of detention of the Khiva caravans by the Orenburg governor V.A. Perovsky for the second time bore fruit, and this time, it was returned to its homeland in 1837 and in 1839 a total of 105 Russian prisoners. The correspondence on this issue was conducted at all levels, from the commandant of the fortress to informing the Russian emperor, partly the reason for this was the letter of the Khiva khan, but a more weighty reason, in our opinion, was concern for the fate of Russian subjects.
Number of views: 115 Download in PDF
Slavery in the Ottoman Empire (the first half of the XIX century): on the Status of Monastic Slaves
Slavery: Theory and Practice. 2021. 6(1): 35-41.
Number of views: 154 Download in PDF
6. Artyom Yu. Peretyatko, Maria A. SeleznevaSlavery: Theory and Practice. 2021. 6(1): 35-41.
Abstract:
The article considers the monastery slaves on the example of the Ottoman Empire in the first half of the 19th century. The attention is paid to the spheres of use of slaves and their wages. As sources in the work, materials of personal origin were used, namely, the memoirs of T. Lapinsky “The Highlanders of the Caucasus and their liberation struggle against the Russians”, the memoirs of N.N. Muravyov-Karsky "Travel to Turkmenistan and Khiva in 1819 and 1820, the Guards General Staff of Captain Nikolai Muravyov, sent to these countries for negotiations”. As a source, we also involved the work of Archimandrite Prokofy “Sinai monastery”. The work used the historical-comparative method, thanks to which slavery in Egypt was considered in comparison with a similar phenomenon in Central Asia and the Caucasus. In conclusion, the author states that the example of monastic slaves is a unique phenomenon on the territory of the Ottoman Empire in the first half of the 19th century. Despite the dominant role of Islam in the region, the Orthodox monastery (Sinai Monastery) after the collapse of Byzantium, thanks to economic opportunities, not only survived, but also gained influence on the local Bedouin tribes. The rights of the monastery to the monastery slaves were enshrined in the Ottoman firmans and this allowed the monastery to carry out agricultural activities. For work on agricultural land, the monks paid slaves significant funds, besided this, the slaves received the exclusive right to conduct study tours around the Sinai monastery, as well as food.
The article considers the monastery slaves on the example of the Ottoman Empire in the first half of the 19th century. The attention is paid to the spheres of use of slaves and their wages. As sources in the work, materials of personal origin were used, namely, the memoirs of T. Lapinsky “The Highlanders of the Caucasus and their liberation struggle against the Russians”, the memoirs of N.N. Muravyov-Karsky "Travel to Turkmenistan and Khiva in 1819 and 1820, the Guards General Staff of Captain Nikolai Muravyov, sent to these countries for negotiations”. As a source, we also involved the work of Archimandrite Prokofy “Sinai monastery”. The work used the historical-comparative method, thanks to which slavery in Egypt was considered in comparison with a similar phenomenon in Central Asia and the Caucasus. In conclusion, the author states that the example of monastic slaves is a unique phenomenon on the territory of the Ottoman Empire in the first half of the 19th century. Despite the dominant role of Islam in the region, the Orthodox monastery (Sinai Monastery) after the collapse of Byzantium, thanks to economic opportunities, not only survived, but also gained influence on the local Bedouin tribes. The rights of the monastery to the monastery slaves were enshrined in the Ottoman firmans and this allowed the monastery to carry out agricultural activities. For work on agricultural land, the monks paid slaves significant funds, besided this, the slaves received the exclusive right to conduct study tours around the Sinai monastery, as well as food.
Number of views: 154 Download in PDF
The First Artistic Experience of Comprehending the Issue of Female Sexual Slavery in Specific Don Cossack Literature: the Store «Bulavin’s Grave Sin» by N.I. Krasnov (1884)
Slavery: Theory and Practice. 2021. 6(1): 42-53.
Number of views: 130 Download in PDF
7. Dmitry S. DudarevSlavery: Theory and Practice. 2021. 6(1): 42-53.
Abstract:
The article focuses on the first artistic experience of comprehending the issue of female sexual slavery in specific Don cossack literature, particularly in the store «Bulavin’s grave sin» published in 1884. Being compared with the status of the Don social thought, the story shows that N.I. Krasnov’s ideas of sexual slavery reflects the other Don author’s vision. On the one hand, the gravity of classical slavery and serfdom was underestimated in Don historiography (except for P.P. Sakharov); on the other hand, sympathy for women and a call for defending their rights are typical for many Don texts of the late 19th and the early 20th century. Therefore, a N.I. Krasnov’s philippic pathos is aimed not at classical female sexual slavery, but at any form of women’s subordination. A Turkish’s harem into a narrative is described as a more convenient place for a heroine than the house where she lives with her legal husband. Krasnov defines the status of free women on the Don in 17th century as «slave subordination», and he also shows that the proud and freedom-loving main heroine does not belong neither in Turkish word, nor in Russian one. Krasnov has shown, even though in slightly naïve form, immorality of female objectivization and depriving women of their right for feelings. The Krasnov’s story deserves attention as the first work of literature about sexual slavery and also as an original reaction to this slavery from the liberal author who has been in times of serfdom and who was quite tolerant to it.
The article focuses on the first artistic experience of comprehending the issue of female sexual slavery in specific Don cossack literature, particularly in the store «Bulavin’s grave sin» published in 1884. Being compared with the status of the Don social thought, the story shows that N.I. Krasnov’s ideas of sexual slavery reflects the other Don author’s vision. On the one hand, the gravity of classical slavery and serfdom was underestimated in Don historiography (except for P.P. Sakharov); on the other hand, sympathy for women and a call for defending their rights are typical for many Don texts of the late 19th and the early 20th century. Therefore, a N.I. Krasnov’s philippic pathos is aimed not at classical female sexual slavery, but at any form of women’s subordination. A Turkish’s harem into a narrative is described as a more convenient place for a heroine than the house where she lives with her legal husband. Krasnov defines the status of free women on the Don in 17th century as «slave subordination», and he also shows that the proud and freedom-loving main heroine does not belong neither in Turkish word, nor in Russian one. Krasnov has shown, even though in slightly naïve form, immorality of female objectivization and depriving women of their right for feelings. The Krasnov’s story deserves attention as the first work of literature about sexual slavery and also as an original reaction to this slavery from the liberal author who has been in times of serfdom and who was quite tolerant to it.
Number of views: 130 Download in PDF
In Memory of Vladimir Alexandrovich Zakharov (07.17.1946−01.11.2021)
Slavery: Theory and Practice. 2021. 6(1): 54-57.
Number of views: 123 Download in PDF
Slavery: Theory and Practice. 2021. 6(1): 54-57.
Abstract:
The article is dedicated to the memory of V.A. Zakharov. The area of scientific interests of V.A. Zakharov was very broad. His research is devoted to the history of the Tmutarakan principality, "The Word of Igor's Regiment", the life of M.Yu. Lermontov, the ethno-political history of the Transcaucasian states, the North Caucasus, Abkhazia, Turkey, the history of Western Europe during the Middle Ages and modern times, especially the well-known Order of Malta. V.A. Zakharov is the author of over 1100 articles, 74 books. His articles were published in newspapers, magazines and scientific collections of Russia, Ukraine, Armenia, Bulgaria, Poland, Islamic Republic of Iran, Canada, USA. V.A. Zakharov was known as a public figure. He was a member of the Writers 'Union of Russia and the Writers' Union of Armenia, co-chairman of the Russian Lermontov Committee, a member of the International Union of Journalists.
The article is dedicated to the memory of V.A. Zakharov. The area of scientific interests of V.A. Zakharov was very broad. His research is devoted to the history of the Tmutarakan principality, "The Word of Igor's Regiment", the life of M.Yu. Lermontov, the ethno-political history of the Transcaucasian states, the North Caucasus, Abkhazia, Turkey, the history of Western Europe during the Middle Ages and modern times, especially the well-known Order of Malta. V.A. Zakharov is the author of over 1100 articles, 74 books. His articles were published in newspapers, magazines and scientific collections of Russia, Ukraine, Armenia, Bulgaria, Poland, Islamic Republic of Iran, Canada, USA. V.A. Zakharov was known as a public figure. He was a member of the Writers 'Union of Russia and the Writers' Union of Armenia, co-chairman of the Russian Lermontov Committee, a member of the International Union of Journalists.
Number of views: 123 Download in PDF
Reviews
8. Vladimir P. Trut
The Circassian Slave Narratives (A Documentary Collection). Compiler and author of the introductory article А.А. Cherkasov. Bylye Gody. 2020. Vol. 57-1. Is. 3-1: 1415-2266 (A Special Issue)
Slavery: Theory and Practice. 2021. 6(1): 58-65.
Number of views: 129 Download in PDF
Slavery: Theory and Practice. 2021. 6(1): 58-65.
Abstract:
The review analyzes the collection of documents "Circassian slave narratives". Special attention is paid to the consideration of the scientific article of the author-compiler of the collection A.A. Cherkasov, which precedes its main content. The content of this collection of documents is comprehensively characterized, the important, interesting, diverse source materials presented in it are analyzed, the vast majority of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The origin and main content of the documents included in the collection are characterized, the most important and interesting of them are considered. The scientific relevance and significance of the documents presented in the collection for further research on the problems of Russian-Circassian relations during the Caucasian War, the socio-economic development of Circassian society are determined.
The review analyzes the collection of documents "Circassian slave narratives". Special attention is paid to the consideration of the scientific article of the author-compiler of the collection A.A. Cherkasov, which precedes its main content. The content of this collection of documents is comprehensively characterized, the important, interesting, diverse source materials presented in it are analyzed, the vast majority of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The origin and main content of the documents included in the collection are characterized, the most important and interesting of them are considered. The scientific relevance and significance of the documents presented in the collection for further research on the problems of Russian-Circassian relations during the Caucasian War, the socio-economic development of Circassian society are determined.
Number of views: 129 Download in PDF
The Results of the Second International Competition “Slavery in the Past and Present”
9. Konstantin V. Taran
The Results of the Second International Competition “Slavery in the Past and Present”
Slavery: Theory and Practice. 2021. 6(1): 66-67.
Number of views: 124 Download in PDF
10. Slavery: Theory and Practice. 2021. 6(1): 66-67.
Abstract:
In the summer of 2020, an annual international competition for the best research work “Slavery in the past and present” was established. The founders of the competition were the East European Historical Society, the International Network Center for Fundamental and Applied Research, now Cherkas Global University (Washington, USA), as well as KAD International (Effiduase-Koforidua, Eastern Region, Ghana). The results of the First competition were announced on December 20, 2020 and the competition commission recognized the best 5 competitive works from the following countries: USA, Russia, Slovakia, Ghana. On February 14, 2021, the Second Competition for the best research work “Slavery in the past and present” was announced. The results of the competition were announced on October 23, 2021. As in the previous year, the 5 best works were selected, the winners represent countries such as the USA, Russia and Ukraine. The works of the winners are published in the journal “Slavery: Theory and Practice”.
In the summer of 2020, an annual international competition for the best research work “Slavery in the past and present” was established. The founders of the competition were the East European Historical Society, the International Network Center for Fundamental and Applied Research, now Cherkas Global University (Washington, USA), as well as KAD International (Effiduase-Koforidua, Eastern Region, Ghana). The results of the First competition were announced on December 20, 2020 and the competition commission recognized the best 5 competitive works from the following countries: USA, Russia, Slovakia, Ghana. On February 14, 2021, the Second Competition for the best research work “Slavery in the past and present” was announced. The results of the competition were announced on October 23, 2021. As in the previous year, the 5 best works were selected, the winners represent countries such as the USA, Russia and Ukraine. The works of the winners are published in the journal “Slavery: Theory and Practice”.
Number of views: 124 Download in PDF