1 December 20, 2022
Articles
1. Feruza J. Tadjieva
The Emergence and Specific Aspects of Slavery in Khiva Khanate. Sources of Slavery, Slave Markets, and Their Prices
Slavery: Theory and Practice. 2022. 7(1): 3-13.
Number of views: 84 Download in PDF
2. Aleksey A. GolovlyovSlavery: Theory and Practice. 2022. 7(1): 3-13.
Abstract:
In this article, the occurrence and specific aspects of slavery in Khiva Khanate and the essence of slavery, and its role in social and economic life are shown. The information is given based on archival documents and sources about the strong community relations in Central Asia from ancient times and the fact that slavery relations were not at their classical level but patriarchal slavery due to the long preservation of these relations. The sources of slavery are identified in the article and the main three factors that caused slavery. Data from Russian and foreign sources and domestic sources are examined to provide information on slave markets and slave prices. The role and differences of slaves belonging to such nationalities as Russian, Kazakh, Kalmyk, Iranian, Afghan, and Azari Turks in social life are mentioned. The issue of slavery in the Khiva Khanate is one of the least studied pages of the history of not only Khorezm but also Uzbekistan. There is no conclusive research on this topic. From this point of view, the issue of studying and researching this topic is of great importance in the science of history today. One of the most important aspects of the issue of slavery in the Khiva Khanate is the question of the price of slaves brought for sale from different regions. In this article, the question of the price of slaves is analyzed based on information from written sources. During the analysis of the sources of slavery in the Khiva Khanate, the issue of the nature of slavery and its place in social and economic life was scientifically analyzed and conclusions were drawn. At the same time, based on the content and essence of the article, issues of the influence of the ethnic and social origin of slaves on their prices and attitude towards slaves in Khiva Khanate were scientifically analyzed.
In this article, the occurrence and specific aspects of slavery in Khiva Khanate and the essence of slavery, and its role in social and economic life are shown. The information is given based on archival documents and sources about the strong community relations in Central Asia from ancient times and the fact that slavery relations were not at their classical level but patriarchal slavery due to the long preservation of these relations. The sources of slavery are identified in the article and the main three factors that caused slavery. Data from Russian and foreign sources and domestic sources are examined to provide information on slave markets and slave prices. The role and differences of slaves belonging to such nationalities as Russian, Kazakh, Kalmyk, Iranian, Afghan, and Azari Turks in social life are mentioned. The issue of slavery in the Khiva Khanate is one of the least studied pages of the history of not only Khorezm but also Uzbekistan. There is no conclusive research on this topic. From this point of view, the issue of studying and researching this topic is of great importance in the science of history today. One of the most important aspects of the issue of slavery in the Khiva Khanate is the question of the price of slaves brought for sale from different regions. In this article, the question of the price of slaves is analyzed based on information from written sources. During the analysis of the sources of slavery in the Khiva Khanate, the issue of the nature of slavery and its place in social and economic life was scientifically analyzed and conclusions were drawn. At the same time, based on the content and essence of the article, issues of the influence of the ethnic and social origin of slaves on their prices and attitude towards slaves in Khiva Khanate were scientifically analyzed.
Number of views: 84 Download in PDF
To The Issue of Slaves and Princes among Chechens and Ingush
Slavery: Theory and Practice. 2022. 7(1): 14-56.
Number of views: 60 Download in PDF
3. Artyom Yu. PeretyatkoSlavery: Theory and Practice. 2022. 7(1): 14-56.
Abstract:
The analysis of literary (local history) and field (historical and ethnographic) material showed that patriarchal slavery took place in Chechnya and Ingushetia. The main source of the formation of the contingent of slaves are prisoners of war and civilians taken by Chechens and Ingush in neighboring regions. The contingent of slaves was also replenished at the expense of the Chechens and Ingush themselves, which is confirmed by several examples. The special role of military squads (gierakhoy, variants of gIeroy/gIeri/gIera in Chechnya, gar or gIar in Ingushetia) in the emergence of the institution of slavery is emphasized. Folk legends recorded by the author in the mountains of Chechnya confirm the existence of debt slavery and vassalage from the mountain prince among the Upper Argun Chechens. The institution of princely power existed among Chechens in 3 local regions. The mountain princes, who were among the Upper Argun Chechens, were elected by them for strength, bravery and public benefits. The princes had military squads, land, herds and controlled mountain passes, for which they received tribute. Princely cattle were grazed gratuitously by vassal-dependent highlanders. The princes had the right of the first wedding nights with the brides of their society. The existence of their personal slaves was not recorded.
The analysis of literary (local history) and field (historical and ethnographic) material showed that patriarchal slavery took place in Chechnya and Ingushetia. The main source of the formation of the contingent of slaves are prisoners of war and civilians taken by Chechens and Ingush in neighboring regions. The contingent of slaves was also replenished at the expense of the Chechens and Ingush themselves, which is confirmed by several examples. The special role of military squads (gierakhoy, variants of gIeroy/gIeri/gIera in Chechnya, gar or gIar in Ingushetia) in the emergence of the institution of slavery is emphasized. Folk legends recorded by the author in the mountains of Chechnya confirm the existence of debt slavery and vassalage from the mountain prince among the Upper Argun Chechens. The institution of princely power existed among Chechens in 3 local regions. The mountain princes, who were among the Upper Argun Chechens, were elected by them for strength, bravery and public benefits. The princes had military squads, land, herds and controlled mountain passes, for which they received tribute. Princely cattle were grazed gratuitously by vassal-dependent highlanders. The princes had the right of the first wedding nights with the brides of their society. The existence of their personal slaves was not recorded.
Number of views: 60 Download in PDF
Caucasian Women in the Russian Imperial Record-Keeping Narrative: The Representation of Women in ‘The Circassian Slave Narratives’ (1792–1800)
Slavery: Theory and Practice. 2022. 7(1): 57-69.
Number of views: 80 Download in PDF
4. Sergei L. DudarevSlavery: Theory and Practice. 2022. 7(1): 57-69.
Abstract:
This article analyzes how Caucasian women were represented in the record-keeping narrative of the Russian Empire in 1792–1800. The principal source relied on in the preparation of this paper is ‘The Circassian Slave Narratives’ by A.A. Cherkasov, a collection of documents on runaways from Circassia to the Russian Empire. Most of the documents under analysis were created by Russian officers (often little-educated Black Sea Cossacks) seeking to describe to their superiors cases of mountain people crossing over to the Russian side of the border. Thus, we are talking here about spontaneous testimonies, meaning the officials had not designed to describe the traditional status of women in Caucasian society. A key focus is on the lexical representation of Caucasian women in the collection’s documents spanning the period 1792–1800. Caucasian women tend to be lexically objectivized and act as an appendix to men (e.g., the border being crossed by “a mountaineer accompanied by a woman”, rather than by “a mountaineer and a mountaineeress”; the willingness to enter Russian allegiance being articulated by a male for his entire family). In a similar way are objectivized children and servants. Most mountaineeresses’ names are not even mentioned – she is just an unnamed wife of a named mountaineer. This was not the case only in one document. In the documents, Caucasian women tend to be objectivized and are not represented as a person capable of independent action. As a rule, she crosses the border in company with her father, husband, or master. An exception is widows, although these cases actually go back to the early 1800s, when the border was sometimes crossed by families headed by widows; it is with the widows that the Russian officers would communicate, not their sons (some of whom were already adults and even had children of their own). During that time, there occurs a change in the lexical representation of Caucasian women – we now come across more of them named, with one case even including a description of a woman’s physical appearance.
This article analyzes how Caucasian women were represented in the record-keeping narrative of the Russian Empire in 1792–1800. The principal source relied on in the preparation of this paper is ‘The Circassian Slave Narratives’ by A.A. Cherkasov, a collection of documents on runaways from Circassia to the Russian Empire. Most of the documents under analysis were created by Russian officers (often little-educated Black Sea Cossacks) seeking to describe to their superiors cases of mountain people crossing over to the Russian side of the border. Thus, we are talking here about spontaneous testimonies, meaning the officials had not designed to describe the traditional status of women in Caucasian society. A key focus is on the lexical representation of Caucasian women in the collection’s documents spanning the period 1792–1800. Caucasian women tend to be lexically objectivized and act as an appendix to men (e.g., the border being crossed by “a mountaineer accompanied by a woman”, rather than by “a mountaineer and a mountaineeress”; the willingness to enter Russian allegiance being articulated by a male for his entire family). In a similar way are objectivized children and servants. Most mountaineeresses’ names are not even mentioned – she is just an unnamed wife of a named mountaineer. This was not the case only in one document. In the documents, Caucasian women tend to be objectivized and are not represented as a person capable of independent action. As a rule, she crosses the border in company with her father, husband, or master. An exception is widows, although these cases actually go back to the early 1800s, when the border was sometimes crossed by families headed by widows; it is with the widows that the Russian officers would communicate, not their sons (some of whom were already adults and even had children of their own). During that time, there occurs a change in the lexical representation of Caucasian women – we now come across more of them named, with one case even including a description of a woman’s physical appearance.
Number of views: 80 Download in PDF
On the Representatives of the Russian Side with Deviant Behavior, including the Trade in Prisoners, in the North-Western Caucasus in the late 18th – mid-19th centuries
Slavery: Theory and Practice. 2022. 7(1): 70-85.
Number of views: 88 Download in PDF
5. Anatolii V. HoncharenkoSlavery: Theory and Practice. 2022. 7(1): 70-85.
Abstract:
The article deals with the stories of Russians who found themselves among the highlanders of the Trans-Kuban region at the end of the 18th - the middle of the 19th centuries, as a result of the raiding activities of the Circassian parties during military operations, or some other circumstances inherent in military everyday life, or voluntarily. It should be noted that the original reason for the capture of these specific individuals was the desire to end their dependent position and their usual, legal, but somewhat inconvenient way of existence (serfs, Cossacks burdened by service, soldiers tired of drill, etc.). In other words, this is a category of people prone to deviant behavior. Among them were those who can be called "double" fugitives: initially they fled from their landowners, and then fled from the mountaineers back to the Russian side. The author identifies 5 groups of Russians, which are characterized by deviant deviations: group 1 – Cossacks – “slave owners”; Group 2 – people prone to escape, or vagrancy; Group 3 – serfs who fled to gain freedom in the Don and the Caucasus; Group 4 – people who fled from punishment and by chance were captured by the highlanders; Group 5 – representatives of the civil service, who entered into a criminal conspiracy with the highlanders-slavers. Such cases of deviant behavior are, according to the author, part of the human panorama of the frontier with its uncertainty. According to some modern Russian historians, the Caucasus, as a hidden space in the system of the empire, remained relevant for a long time for a large number of people who wanted to hide from justice. Their movements can be considered from the point of view of the definition of “local resettlement”.
The article deals with the stories of Russians who found themselves among the highlanders of the Trans-Kuban region at the end of the 18th - the middle of the 19th centuries, as a result of the raiding activities of the Circassian parties during military operations, or some other circumstances inherent in military everyday life, or voluntarily. It should be noted that the original reason for the capture of these specific individuals was the desire to end their dependent position and their usual, legal, but somewhat inconvenient way of existence (serfs, Cossacks burdened by service, soldiers tired of drill, etc.). In other words, this is a category of people prone to deviant behavior. Among them were those who can be called "double" fugitives: initially they fled from their landowners, and then fled from the mountaineers back to the Russian side. The author identifies 5 groups of Russians, which are characterized by deviant deviations: group 1 – Cossacks – “slave owners”; Group 2 – people prone to escape, or vagrancy; Group 3 – serfs who fled to gain freedom in the Don and the Caucasus; Group 4 – people who fled from punishment and by chance were captured by the highlanders; Group 5 – representatives of the civil service, who entered into a criminal conspiracy with the highlanders-slavers. Such cases of deviant behavior are, according to the author, part of the human panorama of the frontier with its uncertainty. According to some modern Russian historians, the Caucasus, as a hidden space in the system of the empire, remained relevant for a long time for a large number of people who wanted to hide from justice. Their movements can be considered from the point of view of the definition of “local resettlement”.
Number of views: 88 Download in PDF
To the Issue of the System of Punishment of Slaves in the Caucasus in the second half of the XVIII – first half of the XIX centuries
Slavery: Theory and Practice. 2022. 7(1): 86-94.
Number of views: 54 Download in PDF
Slavery: Theory and Practice. 2022. 7(1): 86-94.
Abstract:
The article is devoted to the analysis of the system of punishment of slaves in the Caucasus during the second half of the XVIII – first half of the XIX centuries. The collection of documents of the State Archive of the Krasnodar Krai, published by A.A. Cherkasov, as well as memoir sources (memoirs of F.F. Tornau, Ed. Spencer, Ad. Berger, etc.) were used as sources. The methodological basis was the content analysis method, historical-system, historical-genetic and historical-semiotic methods, synthesis, as well as mathematical/statistical method. The highlanders had three categories of slaves: unautas – the personal property of the owner, pshitli – serfs, ogi – financially dependent. Punishments were applied to the first two categories. The system of punishment included a wide list of penalties, which consisted of physical violence, namely: murder, mutilation, beatings, starvation, detention in a pit. The most common punishment was beatings, the severity of which depended on the severity of the offense. Murder was a rare punishment that was used for serious violations, in particular when using or attempting to use any violence against the owner, his relatives or guests, as well as (in extreme cases) to intimidate Russian prisoners of war slaves and captured Russian deserters-slaves. Even theft and escape were not punished by murder, although they brought a loss to the owner. Mutilation as a form of punishment was usually applied to slaves who committed theft, but it was rarely practiced, since it significantly reduced the price of a slave. Keeping slaves in a pit as a form of punishment was used for prisoners of war or deserters of the Russian army during escape attempts (in anticipation of ransom) or in cases of insubordination (along with beatings). Starvation as a punishment was usually applied to escaped or obstinate slaves and was combined with the above punishment – holding in a pit. They also practiced selling for hard work or using for hard labor.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the system of punishment of slaves in the Caucasus during the second half of the XVIII – first half of the XIX centuries. The collection of documents of the State Archive of the Krasnodar Krai, published by A.A. Cherkasov, as well as memoir sources (memoirs of F.F. Tornau, Ed. Spencer, Ad. Berger, etc.) were used as sources. The methodological basis was the content analysis method, historical-system, historical-genetic and historical-semiotic methods, synthesis, as well as mathematical/statistical method. The highlanders had three categories of slaves: unautas – the personal property of the owner, pshitli – serfs, ogi – financially dependent. Punishments were applied to the first two categories. The system of punishment included a wide list of penalties, which consisted of physical violence, namely: murder, mutilation, beatings, starvation, detention in a pit. The most common punishment was beatings, the severity of which depended on the severity of the offense. Murder was a rare punishment that was used for serious violations, in particular when using or attempting to use any violence against the owner, his relatives or guests, as well as (in extreme cases) to intimidate Russian prisoners of war slaves and captured Russian deserters-slaves. Even theft and escape were not punished by murder, although they brought a loss to the owner. Mutilation as a form of punishment was usually applied to slaves who committed theft, but it was rarely practiced, since it significantly reduced the price of a slave. Keeping slaves in a pit as a form of punishment was used for prisoners of war or deserters of the Russian army during escape attempts (in anticipation of ransom) or in cases of insubordination (along with beatings). Starvation as a punishment was usually applied to escaped or obstinate slaves and was combined with the above punishment – holding in a pit. They also practiced selling for hard work or using for hard labor.
Number of views: 54 Download in PDF
Letters to the Editorial Office
6. Aleksandr A. Cherkasov
About the Results of the Third International Competition “Slavery in the Past and Present”
Slavery: Theory and Practice. 2022. 7(1): 95-96.
Number of views: 72 Download in PDF
7. Sergei L. Dudarev, Vladimir R. ErlikhSlavery: Theory and Practice. 2022. 7(1): 95-96.
Abstract:
On July 10, 2020, the annual international competition for the best scientific work “Slavery in the past and present” was established. The founders of the competition were the Eastern European Historical Society, the International Network Center for Fundamental and Applied Research, now transformed into Cherkas Global University (Washington, USA), as well as KAD International (Effiduase-Koforidua, Eastern Region, Ghana). In 2021, the second similar competition took place, and on February 17, 2022, the third international competition was announced. December 2, 2022 on the International Day of the Abolition of Slavery, the expert commission of the competition summed up its work and selected the 5 best works. The winners represented such countries as the USA, Russia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. The works of the winners are published in the “Slavery: Theory and Practice” journal for 2022.
On July 10, 2020, the annual international competition for the best scientific work “Slavery in the past and present” was established. The founders of the competition were the Eastern European Historical Society, the International Network Center for Fundamental and Applied Research, now transformed into Cherkas Global University (Washington, USA), as well as KAD International (Effiduase-Koforidua, Eastern Region, Ghana). In 2021, the second similar competition took place, and on February 17, 2022, the third international competition was announced. December 2, 2022 on the International Day of the Abolition of Slavery, the expert commission of the competition summed up its work and selected the 5 best works. The winners represented such countries as the USA, Russia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. The works of the winners are published in the “Slavery: Theory and Practice” journal for 2022.
Number of views: 72 Download in PDF
In Memory of Gocha Revazovich Tsetskhladze
Slavery: Theory and Practice. 2022. 7(1): 97-102.
Number of views: 93 Download in PDF
8. Slavery: Theory and Practice. 2022. 7(1): 97-102.
Abstract:
The article is dedicated to the memory of a scientist with wide international fame, a major organizer of science, archaeologist and historian, professor at Oxford University Gocha Tsetskhladze. A native of Georgia, G. Tsetskhladze was educated in Soviet times at the University of Kharkov (Ukrainian SSR), and then studied at the graduate school of the Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1988, among the best Soviet graduate students, he was sent to the University of Oxford (Great Britain), where he subsequently defended his dissertation for the degree of DPhil in Classical Archeology on the topic “Cultural History of Colchis (6th–2nd Centuries BC)” under the guidance of Sir John Boardman. He worked at the universities of London, Melbourne, Oxford, taught as a visiting professor at the universities of Copenhagen, British Columbia (Vancouver), Pennsylvania, Texas, Chicago, Tbilisi, Moscow (RSHU). He made presentations at various scientific European and world conferences and congresses, advised applicants for scientific degrees. Possessing wide competence and scientific authority, G.R. Tsetskhladze was a member of the editorial boards of a number of scientific journals, including “Slavery: theory and practice”, the organizing committees of the conference, etc. He worked constantly as a field archaeologist, taking part in excavations of ancient monuments in Georgia, Ukraine, Russia, was the director of an archaeological expedition in Pessinunte (Turkey). He was the organizer of important scientific platforms for discussing materials and problems of antiquity for many scientists of the world – the journal “Ancient West & East”, as well as the International Congress on Black Sea Antiquties (Pontic Congress). Their main task is to explore the ancient civilization in its contact with the barbarian periphery in the east and west of the ecumene – from Gibraltar to Phasis. The journal and the congress are very representative both geographically and scientifically, bringing together the most competent experts in the field of antiquity from around the world, which is the best memory of the ascetic activity of the deceased G.R. Tsetskhladze.
The article is dedicated to the memory of a scientist with wide international fame, a major organizer of science, archaeologist and historian, professor at Oxford University Gocha Tsetskhladze. A native of Georgia, G. Tsetskhladze was educated in Soviet times at the University of Kharkov (Ukrainian SSR), and then studied at the graduate school of the Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1988, among the best Soviet graduate students, he was sent to the University of Oxford (Great Britain), where he subsequently defended his dissertation for the degree of DPhil in Classical Archeology on the topic “Cultural History of Colchis (6th–2nd Centuries BC)” under the guidance of Sir John Boardman. He worked at the universities of London, Melbourne, Oxford, taught as a visiting professor at the universities of Copenhagen, British Columbia (Vancouver), Pennsylvania, Texas, Chicago, Tbilisi, Moscow (RSHU). He made presentations at various scientific European and world conferences and congresses, advised applicants for scientific degrees. Possessing wide competence and scientific authority, G.R. Tsetskhladze was a member of the editorial boards of a number of scientific journals, including “Slavery: theory and practice”, the organizing committees of the conference, etc. He worked constantly as a field archaeologist, taking part in excavations of ancient monuments in Georgia, Ukraine, Russia, was the director of an archaeological expedition in Pessinunte (Turkey). He was the organizer of important scientific platforms for discussing materials and problems of antiquity for many scientists of the world – the journal “Ancient West & East”, as well as the International Congress on Black Sea Antiquties (Pontic Congress). Their main task is to explore the ancient civilization in its contact with the barbarian periphery in the east and west of the ecumene – from Gibraltar to Phasis. The journal and the congress are very representative both geographically and scientifically, bringing together the most competent experts in the field of antiquity from around the world, which is the best memory of the ascetic activity of the deceased G.R. Tsetskhladze.
Number of views: 93 Download in PDF